Tokyo, Japan's capital and a megacity, operates as a unique metropolis (to), a prefectural entity that combines the functions of both a city and a prefecture. The Tokyo Metropolitan Government manages the metropolis, including 23 special wards, which function like semi-autonomous cities with their own mayors and councils, while relying on the Tokyo Metropolitan Government for metropolitan services such as public transit and infrastructure. Beyond the special wards, Tokyo Metropolitan Government also administers 26 fully autonomous cities, five towns, and eight villages, each with their own local governments.
Tokyo has significantly improved air quality, with particle pollution levels decreasing by 29% well below the regional average and moving closer to World Health Organisation, which targets. Additionally, 85% of residents live within walkable distances to healthcare services, far above the 59% average for Asia-pacific cities and showcasing Tokyo’s efforts to improve public health and environmental standards.
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