Istanbul, Turkey’s capital city and a megacity, is governed by the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality. Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality was established in 1984 and encompasses the entire Istanbul Province and its 39 districts, including rural or less dense areas. Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality manages varying metropolitan functions, including urban planning, transport, infrastructure, environmental management and public services. Beyond its borders, Istanbul collaborates regionally through the Marmara Municipalities Union (a voluntary cooperation body), addressing shared sustainable development challenges across the Marmara Region.
Istanbul demonstrates strong urban accessibility, with 99% of residents living near any form of public transit and 33% near a rapid transit service, well above regional averages. However, the city continues to face significant challenges with road traffic and congestion. Despite these issues, open space accessibility remains high at 86% in 2023, reflecting efforts to enhance livability in this dynamic megacity.
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